bataille golan 1973
The attack was an attempt to warn Israel that Egypt could retaliate if it bombed targets deep within Egyptian territory. [80], Four months before the war broke out, Henry Kissinger made an offer to Ismail, Sadat's emissary. Two, to protect these troops, the Israeli command had to allocate other forces (four or five brigades) to defend the entrances to the breach at the Deversoir. According to Ze'ev Schiff, Arab losses were so high and the attrition rate so great that equipment was taken directly from Soviet and Warsaw Pact stores to supply the airlift. According to George Friedman, the war gave the Israelis increased respect for the Egyptian military and decreased their confidence in their own, and caused the Israelis to be uncertain whether they could defeat Egypt in the event of another war. Between October 9 and 12, the American response was a call for a cease-fire in place. [25] The Israeli army had open terrain and no opposition to advance further to Cairo; had they done so, Sadat's rule might have ended. Notwithstanding Abba Eban's (Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1967) insistence that this was indeed the case, there seems to be no solid evidence to corroborate his claim. Après un barrage d'artillerie, les chars syriens s'élancent à l'assaut pour un combat qui va durer trois jours. United Nations checkpoints were brought in to replace Israeli ones, nonmilitary supplies were allowed to pass, and prisoners-of-war were to be exchanged. Adan first concentrated his attack on the 21st Armored Division, destroying 50–60 Egyptian tanks and forcing the remainder to retreat. [393] European countries refused to allow U.S. airplanes carrying supplies for Israel to refuel at their bases, fearing an Arab oil embargo, with the exception of Portugal and the Netherlands. They had been forbidden by Al-Assad to approach the River Jordan, for fear of triggering an Israeli nuclear response. Adan's brigades met resistance from dug-in Egyptian forces in the Sweetwater Canal area's greenbelt. The Israelis had also taken many prisoners after Egyptian soldiers, including many officers, began surrendering in masses towards the end of the war. Egyptian aircraft attempted to bomb the bridge every day, and helicopters launched suicide missions, making attempts to drop barrels of napalm on the bridge and bridgehead. [473], In response to U.S. support of Israel, the Arab members of OPEC, led by Saudi Arabia, decided to reduce oil production by 5% per month on October 17. [205], As the Israelis pushed towards Ismailia, the Egyptians fought a delaying battle, retreating into defensive positions further north as they came under increasing pressure from the Israeli ground offensive, coupled with airstrikes. The counterattack was repulsed, and four Syrian helicopters were shot down with total loss of life. By early October 1973, Tel Aviv was aware of Arab preparations for war—including a warning delivered secretly in person by King Hussein of Jordan! Preparatory to the tank attack, Egyptian helicopters set down 100 commandos near the Lateral Road to disrupt the Israeli rear. To conclude the operation and deter any Israeli attempt to reconquer the Golan, the Syrian 1st and 3rd Armored Division would advance onto the plateau. Iraq and Syria also had strained relations, and the Iraqis refused to join the initial offensive. The fighting there was conducted at close quarters, and was sometimes hand-to-hand. [282] Subsequently, the Syrian 51st Armored Brigade bypassed bunker complex 111 after dark. Dayan opened the meeting by arguing that war was not a certainty. 'I think they [Egypt] would cooperate. [157], On October 7, David Elazar visited Shmuel Gonen, commander of the Israeli Southern Command—who had only taken the position three months before at the retirement of Ariel Sharon—and met with Israeli commanders. [477] There is still no formal peace agreement between Israel and Syria to this day. "[99], On the night of September 25, Hussein secretly flew to Tel Aviv to warn Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir of an impending Syrian attack. The aerial assault was coupled with a barrage from more than 2,000 artillery pieces for a period of 53 minutes against the Bar Lev Line and rear area command posts and concentration bases. Israeli command feared that the Syrians would quickly exploit this situation by advancing into Galilee. [334], As the Syrian position deteriorated, Jordan sent an expeditionary force into Syria. Meanwhile, Magen's division moved west and then south, covering Adan's flank and eventually moving south of Suez City to the Gulf of Suez. Disengagement talks took place on October 28, 1973, at "Kilometre 101" between Israeli Major General Aharon Yariv and Egyptian Major General Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy. Some favored disengagement, which would allow soldiers to be redeployed to the Sinai (Shmuel Gonen's defeat at Hizayon in the Sinai had taken place two days earlier). '"[100] This warning was ignored, and Aman concluded that the king had not told anything that was not already known. The brigade's forward elements moved to the Abu Sultan Camp, from where they moved north to take Orcha, an Egyptian logistics base defended by a commando battalion. This development led to tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, and a second ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on October 25 to end the war. Still, the Syrian numerical advantage ground down the Israeli defenders. [294] In the late night, Hofi informed Dayan that an estimated three hundred Syrian tanks had entered the southern Golan. After Meir had made her decision, at 10:15 am, she met with American ambassador Kenneth Keating in order to inform the United States that Israel did not intend to preemptively start a war, and asked that American efforts be directed at preventing war. The Arabs' T-54/55s and T-62s were equipped with night vision equipment, which the Israeli tanks lacked, giving them an advantage in fighting at night, while Israel tanks had better armor and/or better armament. Six hours later, over 2,000 Egyptian howitzers, siege mortars, and rocket launchers unleashed a titanic barrage on the Israeli fortifications of the Bar Lev Line on the east bank of the Suez Canal. Adan's division rolled south toward Suez City while Magen's division pushed west toward Cairo and south toward Adabiya. [384], Based on intelligence estimates at the commencement of hostilities, American leaders expected the tide of the war to quickly shift in Israel's favor, and that Arab armies would be completely defeated within 72 to 96 hours. The surviving Israeli soldiers managed to hold off an Egyptian infantry assault while losing two soldiers before surrendering. [335] Iraq also sent an expeditionary force to Syria, consisting of the 3rd and 6th Armoured Divisions, some 30,000 men, 250–500 tanks, and 700 APCs. The Egyptians did much to further this misconception. However, Egyptian troops had crossed with an extra-large supply of portable Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger) wire-guided anti-tank missiles. [171] According to General Gamasy, the gap had been spotted by an American SR-71 spy plane. By mid-1973, Aman was almost completely aware of the Arab war plans. The aircraft proceeded to cross the whole of the canal zone, the naval ports of the Red Sea (Hurghada and Safaga), flew over the airbases and air defenses in the Nile delta, and finally disappeared from radar screens over the Mediterranean Sea. En effet, l’Agence Télégraphique Juive (JTA) a rapporté le 23 mars 1973 qu’«un bataillon de l'armée marocaine est arrivé au port syrien de Lattaquié». A peace initiative led by both Sadat and UN intermediary Gunnar Jarring was tabled in 1971. [326] Coordination with Egypt forced a change of plans. [296] As there was no time to obtain recent information on the location of the batteries,[297] the attempt was a costly failure. It was covered by a continuous tank ditch, bunker complexes and dense minefields. On the Syrian front, a lack of coordination between Arab forces led to several instances of friendly fire. The most effective attack took place on October 20, though Arab forces lost 120 tanks in that engagement. On October 23, a large air battle took place near Damascus during which the Israelis shot down 10 Syrian aircraft. Moreover, the 21st and 25th failed to coordinate their attacks, allowing General Adan's Division to meet each force separately. Northern Command was in the process of moving their headquarters to Safed in Galilee and the senior staff officers were absent at this moment, having expected the Syrian attack to start at 18:00. The main guns of Soviet tanks could only depress 4 degrees. Aside from the cables at Banha, Israel refrained from attacking economic and strategic infrastructure following an Egyptian threat to retaliate against Israeli cities with Scud missiles. Sharon's second brigade began to cross the canal. [362], Israel responded with a counter-blockade of Egypt in the Gulf of Suez. [182] This was precisely the moment the Israelis had been waiting for. Throughout September, Israel received eleven warnings of war from well-placed sources. There is no doubt that this in total conflict with its military theories. The Israelis clashed with an Egyptian armored unit at Mitzeneft and destroyed multiple SAM sites. The cease-fire did not bind him, but its implications could not be ignored. Since they had not received MiG-23s and Scud missiles had only arrived in Egypt from Bulgaria in late August and it would take four months to train the Egyptian ground crews, Aman predicted war with Egypt was not imminent. Overruling objections by Peled, Dayan ordered to immediately carry out Operation Doogman 5 instead, the destruction of the Syrian SAM-belt, to allow the IAF to halt the Syrian advance. There, they were able to fire in support of Israeli troops facing Missouri Ridge, an Egyptian-occupied position on the Bar-Lev Line that could pose a threat to the Israeli crossing. The speed and altitude were those of the U.S. SR-71 Blackbird. Ben-Shoham tried to maintain a foothold on the access roads by small groups of APCs manned by the 50th Paratrooper Battalion,[321] but these were easily brushed aside. As a result, Israel was totally dependent on the United States for military resupply, and particularly sensitive to anything that might endanger that relationship. [57][58] Egypt's initial war objective was to use its military to seize a foothold on the east bank of the Suez Canal and use this to negotiate the return of the rest of Sinai. Armored and mechanized units initiated the attack on October 14 with artillery support. Both sides launched small-scale attacks, and the Egyptians used helicopters to land commandos behind Israeli lines. The strikes weakened the Syrian war effort, disrupted Soviet efforts to airlift military equipment into Syria, and disrupted normal life inside the country. Their assessments on the likelihood of war were based on several assumptions. Other IDF forces attacked entrenched Egyptian forces overlooking the roads to the canal. Official Gazette of Syria (July 11, 1974). She had some 2,000 artillery pieces, about 500 operational aircraft, and at least 130 SAM missile batteries positioned around our forces so as to deny us air support. It was known to the Syrians that the 188th AB normally rotated its two tank battalions on the Purple Line, so that on any given moment just thirty-three tanks were guarding the tank ditch. Le 6 octobre 1973, les forces syrienne et égyptienne ont lancé une attaque surprise contre l’Etat d’Israël. He warned chief-of-staff Elazar that the entire Golan might be lost. Accords. As a result, the city was partitioned down the main street, with the Egyptians holding the city center and the Israelis controlling the outskirts, port installations and oil refinery, effectively surrounding the Egyptian defenders. Another 600 were disabled but returned to service after repairs. Another Syrian attack north of Quneitra was repulsed. The situation was restored by an ad hoc force of thirteen tanks formed by Lt. Col. Yossi Ben-Hanan from repaired vehicles and stray crews. Additional missiles struck civilian settlements. The Arab world had experienced humiliation in the lopsided rout of the Egyptian–Syrian–Jordanian alliance in the Six-Day War but felt psychologically vindicated by early successes in this conflict. [242] The situation continued until a May 1974 disengagement agreement. The Yom Kippur war … [289] These belonged to the 452st Tank Battalion, hurrying north to surprise Nafah. These were most of the countries of the Arab League, Non-Aligned Movement, and Organization of African Unity. Adan also captured Fayid Airport, which was subsequently prepared by Israeli crews to serve as a supply base and to fly out wounded soldiers.[212]. The Israeli Navy even attacked some of Egypt's northernmost SAM batteries. The Egyptian 1st Mechanized Brigade launched a failed attack southward along the Gulf of Suez in the direction of Ras Sudar. Issachar Ben-Gavriel, an Israeli soldier who was captured at the Suez Canal, claimed that out of his group of 19 soldiers who surrendered, 11 were shot dead. On October 9, a reconnaissance force attached to Colonel Amnon Reshef's Brigade detected a gap between the Egyptian Second and Third Armies in this sector. In total, Arab countries added up to 100,000 troops to Egypt and Syria's frontline ranks. United States President Jimmy Carter invited both Sadat and Begin to a summit at Camp David to negotiate a final peace. In the north, the Egyptian 18th Division attacked the town of El-Qantarah el-Sharqiyya, engaging Israeli forces in and around the town. [483], October 1973 war between Israel and the Arab states Egypt and Syria, Israeli breakthrough – Crossing the canal, Egyptian response to the Israeli crossing, Successful defense of the Quneitra Gap by the 7th Armored Brigade, Syrian breakthrough in the Southern Golan, The collapse of the 188th Armored Brigade, Failure of the U.S. intelligence community, Palestinian attacks from the Lebanese border, "Israel's victory came at the cost of heavy casualties, and Israelis criticized the government's lack of preparedness. The wide-open deserts of the Middle East heavily favored armor and air power, and the IDF's tank and fighter units had significantly outperformed their adversaries. [360][361] According to Admiral Ze'ev Almog, the Israeli Navy escorted tankers from the Gulf to Eilat throughout the war, and Israeli tankers sailing from Iran were directed to bypass the Red Sea. [6][3], The war saw the largest naval confrontation between the United States Navy and Soviet Navy of the entire Cold War. Under its terms, Israel agreed to pull back its forces from the areas West of Suez Canal, which it had occupied since the end of hostilities. Sharon objected and requested permission to expand and break out of the bridgehead on the west bank, arguing that such a maneuver would cause the collapse of Egyptian forces on the east bank.
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