que devient lirak
Crisis Group interview, U.S. diplomat, Baghdad, July 2019. This security set-up is potentially dangerous to public safety for three main reasons. “KRG: Kurdish Forces Ejecting Arabs in Kirkuk”, Human Rights Watch, 3 November 2016. Crisis Group interview, security official present at Baghdad-Erbil negotiations, Baghdad, July 2019. Shiite parties have opened many offices in Kirkuk that did not exist before the war against Daesh [ISIS]. Le secteur privé devrait être invité mardi à prendre sa part dans le chantier titanesque de reconstruction de l'Irak dévasté par les guerres, un "marché" de plusieurs dizaines de milliards de dollars sur lequel se penche une Despite everything that has happened, we still talk to each other. Emmanuel Macron La biographie et le portrait officiel du 8ème président de la Vème République, son rôle, son investiture.. Brigitte Macron Sa biographie et le portrait officiel, ses déplacements et rendez-vous, la charte de transparence.. Équipe du Président Le cabinet, les conseillers, l'État-major, les services de la Présidence de la République. [fn]Although most Kurdish parties apart from the KDP rejected the idea of holding the referendum in the disputed territories, all participated in the 29 August 2017 Kirkuk provincial council vote that approved it. In addition, lack of coordination among competing security forces in Kirkuk city and its surroundings stands in the way of a coherent approach that could help prevent ISIS from resurging in Hawija and surrounding areas in the governorate’s west. Although most Kurdish parties apart from the KDP rejected the idea of holding the referendum in the disputed territories, all participated in the 29 August 2017 Kirkuk provincial council vote that approved it. “Peshmerga to have representative in Iraq’s joint operations command”. Abu Mussab Al-Zarkaoui, le fondateur de ce qu’est devenu Daech aujourd’hui, avait une vision anti-chiite de l’Irak et de l’islam originel. Moreover, communal leaders are not clear about how the force should be distributed geographically. Toward the end of his tenure, Abdul-Mahdi stopped the salary transfers to the region as oil prices plummeted and the KRG had not contributed its agreed share of oil production. Sous mandat britannique depuis 1920, l’Irak devient indépendant en 1932. It is therefore unlikely that KDP interests will be overlooked during discussions about Kirkuk’s security management, even if talks do not lead to a complete return of the peshmerga and Asayish to Kirkuk, as both Kurdish parties desire. He complained that he could also not draw on the governorate budget, despite the fact that the acting governor is a Sunni from the Hawija area and therefore, in theory, sympathetic to his predicament. Everyone wants their share. بدأت أحدث أزمة بشأن المناطق المتنازع عليها في حزيران/يونيو 2014، عندما دخل تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية إلى محافظة كركوك، ووصل إلى العاصمة التي تحمل اسمها. [fn]“Baghdad puts KRG budget transfer in the crosshairs”, Iraq Oil Report, 23 April 2020. Crisis Group interviews, Arab and Turkmen provincial council members, Kirkuk, March 2019. [fn]Crisis Group interview, local security official, Hawija, March 2019.Hide Footnote The district council and tribal leaders are continuously asked to intervene in family disputes where family members have either fought or sided with ISIS. Fine. [fn]Crisis Group interview, Hawija mayor, Hawija, March 2019. [fn]Arab and Turkmen representatives have consistently expressed concern that a Kurdish governor, such as Najmaldin Karim, would be susceptible to pressure from the PUK and/or KDP. [fn]Crisis Group interviews, PUK and KDP officials, Erbil and Kirkuk, July 2019.Hide Footnote, When the federal government saw major players, such as the U.S., EU, Iran and Turkey, support its rejection of the referendum, it used the final stage of the campaign to defeat ISIS as an opportunity to reverse Kurdish control over Kirkuk. [fn]Crisis Group interview, PUK Asayish official, Kirkuk, September 2019.Hide Footnote A former Asayish official went further, asserting that the Asayish was not an arm of the KRG but of the Kurdish parties, which were in effect using it to advance their partisan agendas. 154-163.Hide Footnote Meanwhile, neither the federal nor the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) took charge of the governorate’s development; instead, they blamed each other for its lagging economy, utilities and services. “Kirkuk oil still hostage to political stalemates”. For internal security, local community representatives, including Kurds, appear to favour the establishment of a multi-ethnic force recruited exclusively from Kirkuk, but under federal command, to plug security gaps and soothe communal tensions. Kurdish forces that held ISIS at bay after the Iraqi army disintegrated took over the local security apparatus, leaving Arabs and Turkmen wary. But in the case of Kirkuk, with its unresolved status that perpetuates ethnic competition, an environment in which multiple armed forces operate with unclear mandates only aggravates existing tensions and complicates security coordination. Raya Jalabi, “Iraq’s Kirkuk province to vote in Kurdish independence referendum”, Reuters, 29 August 2017. He did not say whether the higher Asayish command had instructed or condoned such attacks. It included his chief of staff, Mohammed al-Hashimi, the army’s Lieutenant General Abdul Amir Yarallah and then-KRG Interior Minister Karim Sinjari. [fn]Crisis Group interview, Turkmen businessman, Kirkuk, March 2019.Hide Footnote. Erbil committed to providing 250,000 barrels of oil per day to Iraq’s State Organisation for Marketing of Oil (SOMO) from the oil fields it controlled, and Baghdad in return agreed to pay the salaries of KRG civil servants. Its non-resolution has given rise to serious frictions. A few independent Kurdish and Arab members of the Kirkuk Brotherhood list continued their work. Since [the Kurds] considered everyone from Hawija a potential Daeshi [ISIS member], they were allowing only a few people to enter. In retaliation, lawmakers in Baghdad tried to vote to freeze payments to the KRG. Weird things about the name Lirak: The name spelled backwards is Karil. Even passing through each other’s checkpoints and engaging in verbal altercations can lead to exchanges of fire and casualties. وبدعم من إيران والتحالف الدولي الذي تقوده الولايات المتحدة لمحاربة تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية، صدَّت التنظيم لمدة ثلاث سنوات وفي النهاية ألحقت به الهزيمة بالتعاون مع الجيش العراقي والقوات شبه العسكرية المرتبطة به. The pro-referendum part of the KDP views PUK factions that cooperated with Baghdad in October 2017 as treasonous. Crisis Group interview, member of investigation committee for missing persons, Baghdad, March 2019.Hide Footnote One provincial council member explained that the governorate committee dealing with the cases of imprisoned Arab males was working at an agonisingly slow pace. It established joint patrols covering the area from the Iranian to the Syrian border. Crisis Group interview, KDP security official, Erbil, July 2019. The PUK’s 70th peshmerga brigade held areas south and east of the city toward the border with Suleimaniya governorate, and the KDP’s 80th brigade held areas to the city’s north and west toward Erbil governorate, including the main Kirkuk oil fields, thereby sustaining production. 307. The ratio question is highly sensitive, and has dominated debates in Kirkuk since 2003, as any outcome would affect the allocation of all the governorate’s public-sector jobs, not just those in the security services.Hide Footnote These percentages are still under negotiation. In April 2003, U.S. special forces working closely with the peshmerga to defeat regime forces in northern Iraq took control of Kirkuk and its oil fields. The 2020 budget, which is awaiting a new government, may therefore turn out to be less advantageous to the Kurdish region.Hide Footnote. At a minimum, this arrangement included joint operations rooms for local coordination and intelligence sharing between the Iraqi army and the peshmerga, as well as other security actors in any given area. Crisis Group interviews, Arab and Turkmen MPs and provincial council members, Baghdad and Kirkuk, March and July 2019.Hide Footnote The KDP, which has less support in Kirkuk than the PUK and cannot see one of its own promoted to governor, agrees that Kurdish candidates should be unaffiliated: it views the PUK as complicit in the deal with Baghdad to take back Kirkuk in October 2017 and cannot countenance a PUK governor. The presence of military units two years after major anti-ISIS operations ceased has created an environment in which forces compete rather than cooperate with each other; the fact that these forces are predominantly Arab and Shiite in a governorate that is ethnically mixed and predominantly Sunni across ethnic groups has increased frictions; and the multiplicity of forces without an overall command structure and coordination has allegedly enabled their members to engage in highly profitable illicit activities, which further erode security. Présidence Aujourd'hui. [fn]It is mainly the council members from the KDP and Kurdistan Islamic Union who have yet to return to the governorate. Mais nous faisons la promotion de nos contenus et services sur d’autres sites et réseaux sociaux. Those who remain displaced have either postponed return because they have found work in cities or else lack the means to rebuild their houses. Among the federal forces present, only the army has a long history of official service in the governorate. Affiliation comment ça marche. In order not to create yet another security institution, the force’s intended dual policing and military mandate, which is similar to other forces that fall under the interior ministry’s remit, could be incorporated as a specific branch under the ministry, with sub-units adapted to the governorate’s varying requirements. Arab and Turkmen leaders said they would accept such a force only if Baghdad were supervising it. Bruce wayne gotham actor. A PUK member accused the KDP of using the security situation as an excuse to keep its officials from returning to Kirkuk. وبلغت التوترات أوجها في تشرين الأول/أكتوبر 2017، بعد أن أجرت حكومة إقليم كردستان استفتاء لم يقتصر على إقليم كردستان بل شمل أيضاً المناطق المتنازع عليها، والتي يقطنها أكراد، وعرب، وتركمان وأقليات أقل عدداً. [fn]Crisis Group interviews, Hashd officials, Kirkuk, March 2019.Hide Footnote In predominantly Sunni Kirkuk, people across ethnic lines share a concern about the Hashd’s long-term political agenda as a Shiite institution largely supported by Iran. The terrain complicates effective coordination with security forces in adjacent areas such as Makhmour district, and Salah al-Din and Diyala governorates, each of which is dealing with its own persistent ISIS insurgency. Yet excluding the Kurdish component from security management is not a viable option, either: not only would it be unfair, but it would also deprive federal forces of their Kurdish counterparts’ knowledge and skills in gathering intelligence, conducting counter-insurgency and securing the governorate’s boundaries. Parce que Dreuz est censuré pour le crime de désaccord avec la gauche, suivez notre fil Twitter, et retweetez-nous. cit.Hide Footnote. All army divisions fall under the command of the defence ministry, which has had successive Sunni Arab ministers since 2003, based on Iraq’s informal system of allocating government positions by ethno-sectarian affiliation (. Crisis Group interviews, Arab and Turkmen representatives at UNAMI-led talks, Baghdad, July 2019. [fn]Crisis Group interview, Arab provincial council member, Kirkuk, April 2019.Hide Footnote. On 16 October 2017, federal forces regained the upper hand in Kirkuk in a swift advance devised through a prior agreement with the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), one of the main Kurdish factions, on their withdrawal. Crisis Group interview, U.S.-led coalition forces commander, Erbil, July 2019. Kurds were quick to step into the local governance structure left vacant by the regime – in the beginning, to loud protests from Arab and Turkmen residents. Those who remain displaced have either postponed return because they have found work in cities or else lack the means to rebuild their houses. The federal police’s 5th, 6th and 14th divisions were tasked with security along governorate boundaries, in rural areas and at checkpoints on major arteries. Instead, he said, the brigade relies on local financial and weapons support. ISIS has perpetrated few attacks in main population centres. A front emerged south west of Road 80, which cuts through Dibis district, approximately 15km north of Kirkuk city, and continues through Daqouq district in the south east. Crisis Group interview, KDP politburo member, Erbil, July 2019. Yet the Kurdish population in northern Iraq has long largely held pro-independence views.Hide Footnote The KRG organised the vote over loud protests from both Baghdad, which considered the exercise unconstitutional, as well as the international community, which at a minimum found its timing inappropriate and, in the case of neighbouring states Turkey and Iran, a threat to Iraq’s integrity (and, by implication, their own, given their respective Kurdish populations’ grievances and aspirations). These local branches include the predominantly Shiite Turkmen 16th and 52nd Hashd brigades affiliated with the Badr Organisation, which mainly operate in Daqouq and areas south of Kirkuk city bordering Hawija district, and the 56th brigade of the tribal Hashd in Hawija, which is Sunni Arab. رغم ذلك، فإن اختلال التوازن الأمني في كركوك مستمر وسيظل يشكل عاملاً لعدم الاستقرار إذا لم تتم معالجته. mar. [fn]All army divisions fall under the command of the defence ministry, which has had successive Sunni Arab ministers since 2003, based on Iraq’s informal system of allocating government positions by ethno-sectarian affiliation (muhasasa).Hide Footnote The CTS, an elite force tied to the prime minister as commander-in-chief of the armed forces and supervised by the National Security Council, was deployed as the front-line fighting force against ISIS in Hawija in 2017. Crisis Group interviews, Arab and Turkmen parliamentarians, Baghdad, July 2019. When the 31 December 2007 deadline passed, the UN Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI) launched an initiative to resolve Kirkuk’s status. Crisis Group interview, PUK official, Baghdad, July 2019.Hide Footnote In a manoeuvre on 16 October, the Iraqi army, supported by the federal police and units of the paramilitary al-Hashd al-Shaabi (Popular Mobilisation), advanced on Kirkuk from Hawija, where they had just finished routing ISIS. Crisis Group interview, U.S.-led coalition forces commander, Erbil, July 2019.Hide Footnote Gaps also exist in parts of Dibis and Daqouq districts, where the peshmerga used to patrol in conjunction with the army. [fn]No reliable figures are available. According to a Crisis Group analyst: ISIS's latest attacks are still being carried out with roughly the same level of technical complexity [as in 2013-2014], by small guerrilla units operating mostly in rugged terrain running from Nineveh through Diyala, including territories disputed between Baghdad and the Kurdistan region. Publié le 6 mars 2021 à 15h08 par La rédaction Etoile du football français il y a 10 ans, Yoann Gourcuff a disparu de la circulation, sans donner de nouvelle. Crisis Group interviews, Arab tribal leader, mayor of Hawija, shop owners, local police commander, Hawija, March 2019. Security actors include the Iraqi army, CTS, federal police, a gamut of Hashd groups, local police and various intelligence services linked to state institutions as well as political parties. Quand on forme les professionnels à ne pas entendre les enfants violés, De quoi le DIESELGATE est-il le nom ? [fn]Crisis Group, former PUK politician, Suleimaniya, September 2019.Hide Footnote. Immediately after the 16 October events, it assumed overall command of federal forces in Kirkuk. By the end of 2006, it had transferred responsibility for security in Kirkuk to the Iraqi army, except for Kirkuk city and Hawija district, where U.S. troops remained. Due to the spillover of ISIS activity from Hawija into Makhmour and vice versa, the security committee charged by the prime minister with mapping security gaps in the disputed territories joined Kirkuk governorate and Makhmour district into a single area of operations for military purposes. At the national level, both Baghdad and Erbil are driven primarily by territorial concerns. Between 2003 and 2017, the Kirkuk governorship was held by a Kurd. [fn]For background, see Toby Dodge, “Tracing the Rise of Sectarianism in Iraq after 2003”, LSE Middle East Centre Blog, 29 June 2018.Hide Footnote During the KRG cabinet formation process in 2019, the PUK pursued a package deal with the KDP covering posts in Baghdad, Erbil and also the Kirkuk governorship, but the KDP refused. Il était temps que quelqu’un leur réponde, à ces connards ! This discussion also takes place in Basra, although it is not so lively there as in Kirkuk. [fn]Crisis Group interviews, federal police and local police officials, Kirkuk, July and September 2019.Hide Footnote An Asayish member acknowledged that possibility: since his primary duty is to protect the Kurdish community, he said, whenever he saw federal forces harass Kurdish residents he would retaliate with non-lethal attacks. Daniel Dombey, “Turkey agrees energy deal with Kurdish north Iraq”. [fn]Due to the spillover of ISIS activity from Hawija into Makhmour and vice versa, the security committee charged by the prime minister with mapping security gaps in the disputed territories joined Kirkuk governorate and Makhmour district into a single area of operations for military purposes. في 16 تشرين الأول/أكتوبر2017، استعادت القوات الاتحادية اليد العليا في كركوك في تقدم سريع تحقق من خلال اتفاق مسبق مع حزب الاتحاد الوطني الكردستاني، الذي يمثل أحد الفصائل الكردية الرئيسية، على سحب قواته. ففي شباط/فبراير 2019، شكلت الحكومة لجنة رفيعة المستوى تشمل مسؤولين اتحاديين ومحليين لمراجعة الثغرات الأمنية في المناطق المتنازع عليها. Fun Facts about the name Lirak. The second option is likely best suited for calming tensions over the long haul, but it is impossible under current conditions in Baghdad. Ceux qui ont « collaboré » avec les Etats-Unis retrouvent une place ordinaire en société. Le numéro de RCS de cette affaire est le 802992461. Crisis Group interview, Hawija mayor, Hawija, March 2019. Les attentats sanglants, sans lesquels ce pays cesserait pour ainsi dire d’exister dans les médias, y deviennent beaucoup plus rares qu’il y a quelques années, quand la résistance face à l’occupation et les milices confessionnelles faisaient grand usage de voitures piégées, de kamikazes et de bombes en tous genres. The best possible configuration would combine joint Erbil-Baghdad security management with a locally recruited multi-ethnic force in a single arrangement. ما الذي ينبغي فعله؟ ينبغي على بغداد وأربيل، وبدعم دولي، تأسيس إدارة أمنية مشتركة في كركوك تشمل قوة متعددة الإثنيات يتم تجنيد أفرادها محلياً وتكون تحت القيادة الاتحادية. Crisis Group interview, PUK Asayish official, Kirkuk, September 2019. For the Kurds, a return of the peshmerga should entail a return of the Asayish as well, but Arabs and Turkmen reject that scenario. Sabrina Tavernise, “Kurds mobilize to elect one of their own in city of Kirkuk”. Crisis Group interviews, KDP and PUK provincial council members and MPs, Baghdad and Kirkuk, July 2019. A Turkmen Hashd commander, for example, said he would disband his unit and allow the multi-ethnic force to enlist its members only if Kurdish leaders did the same.
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