joseph staline fonctions précédentes
[395] In 1938, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), colloquially known as the Short Course, was released;[396] Conquest later referred to it as the "central text of Stalinism". [308], The Soviet Union lagged behind the industrial development of Western countries,[310] and there had been a shortfall of grain; 1927 produced only 70% of grain produced in 1926. [469] The Soviets sought to forestall dissent in these new East European territories with mass repressions. [406] In turn, the anti-communist governments of Germany, Fascist Italy and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936. Stéphane Courtois, « Tout le symbole du mensonge totalitaire », Voir le préambule et l'art. [8] He was their only child to survive past infancy[9] and was nicknamed "Soso", a diminutive of "Ioseb". [847] Stalin regarded Vasily as spoiled and often chastised his behaviour; as Stalin's son, Vasily nevertheless was swiftly promoted through the ranks of the Red Army and allowed a lavish lifestyle. [164], — Stalin's editorial in Pravda, October 1917[165], Stalin helped organise the July Days uprising, an armed display of strength by Bolshevik supporters. [623] North Korean leader Kim Il-sung visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support, he eventually agreed by May 1950. [88] At the conference, the RSDLP — then led by its Menshevik majority — agreed that it would not raise funds using armed robbery. [263] A compromise was reached, in which the federation would be renamed the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (USSR). (Maurice Thorez, Palmiro Togliatti, Georgi Dimitrov…). The Constituent Assembly was declared dissolved by the Bolshevik-Left SR Soviet government, rendering the end the term served. [467] In June 1940, the Red Army occupied the Baltic states, which were forcibly merged into the Soviet Union in August;[468] they also invaded and annexed Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, parts of Romania. [172] In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik coup — the October Revolution — was directed. Bureaucrate laborieux et discret, Staline gravit silencieusement les échelons et devient secrétaire général du parti le 3 avril 1922, à la suite de manigances[non neutre] de Lénine et Lev Kamenev[9]. [708] Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. By mid-1928 he was unable to rally sufficient support in the party to oppose the reforms. On lui a aussi parfois prêté une maîtresse ou épouse nommée Rosa Kaganovitch, présentée comme sœur de Lazare Kaganovitch[133]. Cela lui permet bien plus tard de reprocher comme des crimes à ses camarades la moindre divergence antérieure avec Lénine. [501] The Internationale was dropped as the country's national anthem, to be replaced with a more patriotic song. [442] The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD, to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria,[443] a man totally devoted to Stalin. [645] Il intervient jusqu'au physique de ceux qui l'entourent, décidant par exemple subitement que Lazare Kaganovitch ou Nikolaï Boulganine doivent se raser la barbe — Staline rase personnellement le premier, et le second s'en tire en conservant un bouc[9]. Il apprécie le jardinage, notamment les agrumes, et désherbe avec ses visiteurs, qu’ils le veuillent ou non[170]. [119] Lenin believed that Stalin, as a Georgian, would help secure support for the Bolsheviks from the empire's minority ethnicities. Ils lui vouent un culte sans réserve, là où la précédente génération voyait davantage en Staline son patron ou un primus inter pares qu'un dieu vivant, et n'hésitait pas à le critiquer parfois avec loyauté mais franchise[44]. [429] That month, Stalin and Yezhov signed Order No. Des dizaines de villes, des milliers de rues, de fermes, d'usines, etc. Tu tourmentes ton propre fils, ta femme, le peuple russe tout entier. Alors qu’il était parfaitement capable de sentiments d’amitié, d’amour et de tristesse, ces derniers étaient généralement masqués par l’impénétrabilité, la brusquerie, la colère et la paranoïa qui dissimulaient sa sensibilité, laquelle ne ressortait que par moments, dans ses loisirs ou à la suite de drames[9],[157]. [373] In November 1932, after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women, Nadezhda shot herself. [215] During the war, he proved his worth to the Central Committee, displaying decisiveness, determination, and willingness to take on responsibility in conflict situations. [452] Stalin initiated a military build-up, with the Red Army more than doubling between January 1939 and June 1941, although in its haste to expand many of its officers were poorly trained. ... La vie de Staline et sa postérité sont pétries de contradictions. [519] In 1941, the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday,[520] and in 1942, Time magazine named him "Man of the Year". Nul n'avance certes que Lénine aurait été du genre à promouvoir la bureaucratie, le nationalisme, l'antisémitisme, l'académisme, les théories de Lyssenko ou un culte de sa personnalité. [608] Stalin had a particularly strained relationship with Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito due to the latter's continued calls for Balkan federation and for Soviet aid for the communist forces in the ongoing Greek Civil War. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. La terreur et la soviétisation accélérée s'abattent aussitôt sur ces territoires. À l'intérieur, le culte de la personnalité du Vojd (« Guide ») atteint son ampleur maximale, culminant à son 70e anniversaire en 1949. Tu tourmentes ton propre fils, ta femme, le peuple russe tout entier. This interpretation has been rejected by more recent historical studies. "[920], Amid the social and economic turmoil of the post-Soviet period, many Russians viewed Stalin as having overseen an era of order, predictability, and pride. [690] According to Sandle, Stalin was "committed to the creation of a society that was industrialised, collectivised, centrally planned and technologically advanced. Despite initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he ultimately consolidated power to become the Soviet Union's dictator by the 1930s. [845] Nadezdha suspected that this was the case,[846] and committed suicide in 1932. Cet état n’arrangeait pas son moral et inquiétait sa « Tatochka », tout comme sa tendance à garder des vêtements d’été en hiver[9]. He went on to edit the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. Surnommée le « Sac de pierre », l'école a sinistre réputation[12]. [126] After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg. Le rapport de Staline à la Révolution russe est pareillement controversé. [217] He was reprimanded by Lenin at the 8th Party Congress for employing tactics which resulted in far too many deaths of Red Army soldiers. Un grand choc pour Svetlana est la découverte, en lisant en 1942 un article dans une revue anglaise, que sa mère n’est pas morte d’une crise de l’appendicite, mais d’un suicide[152]. Je propose donc aux camarades d’étudier un moyen pour démettre Staline de ce poste et pour nommer à sa place une autre personne qui n’aurait en toutes choses sur le camarade Staline qu’un seul avantage, celui d’être plus tolérant, plus loyal, plus poli et plus attentif envers les camarades, d’humeur moins capricieuse, etc. [348] He warned of a "danger from the right", including in the Communist Party itself. Presque jamais sorti de Russie, méprisant envers le Komintern (« la boutique »[35]), il ne croit pas à une révolution mondiale qui n'en finit pas de se faire attendre et veut compter sur les seules forces de l'Union soviétique.
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