khmer rouge morts
[115], Youth for Peace,[117] a Cambodian non-governmental organization (NGO) that offers education in peace, leadership, conflict resolution and reconciliation to Cambodian's youth, published a book titled Behind the Darkness:Taking Responsibility or Acting Under Orders? Des massacres de centaines de Vietnamiens, parmi les milliers restés au pays, ont lieu durant cette période. After the end of the war, he moved to Phnom Penh under Tou Samouth's "urban committee", where he became an important point of contact between above-ground parties of the left and the underground secret communist movement. Great Britain and the United States in particular gave aid to the two non-Khmer Rouge members of the coalition.[96]. Il prend la fuite avec les Khmers rouges, redevenus des maquisards. Acting through the Santebal, the Khmer Rouge arrested, tortured and eventually executed anyone who was suspected of belonging to several categories of supposed enemies:[46], The Santebal established over 150 prisons for political opponents; Tuol Sleng is a former high school that was turned into the Santebal headquarters and interrogation center for the highest value political prisoners. The other side, the National United Front of Kampuchea, was supported by the Khmer Rouge, North-Vietnam, China and the Soviet Union. Following their victory, the Khmer Rouge, who were led by Pol Pot, Nuon Chea, Ieng Sary, Son Sen, and Khieu Samphan, immediately set about forcibly evacuating the country's major cities. Pol Pot veut construire une utopie marxiste. [30]:185 The regime abolished all literary schooling above primary grades, ostensibly focusing on basic literacy instead. The rural peasantry were often unsympathetic, or they were too frightened to assist them. Néanmoins, dès la réunion du 20 mai 1975 qui suit la chute de Phnom Penh, Pol Pot prévoit la sécularisation forcée de tous les bonzes et leur mise au travail dans les rizières[48]. [7]:[12][13] The Khmer Rouge's attempts at agricultural reform through collectivisation similarly led to widespread famine, while its insistence on absolute self-sufficiency even in the supply of medicine led to the death of many thousands from treatable diseases such as malaria. The relationship between the massive carpet bombing of Cambodia by the United States and the growth of the Khmer Rouge, in terms of recruitment and popular support, has been a matter of interest to historians. S21, la machine de mort Khmere Rouge est un film réalisé par Rithy Panh. Archéologie des charniers de guerre : Le cas des victimes des Khmers rouges au Cambodge. Government attacks prevented it from participating in the 1962 election and drove it underground. [30]:193, Buddhist laity seem not to have been singled out for persecution, although traditional belief in the tutelary spirits, or neak ta, rapidly eroded as people were forcibly moved from their home areas. Cambodia has gradually recovered demographically and economically from the Khmer Rouge regime, although the psychological scars affect many Cambodian families and émigré communities. Une estimation haute porte le nombre de victimes à 2 200 000 morts[63], sur une population d'environ 7 890 000 habitants à l'époque. [21]:275–6 In July 1977, Pol Pot and Duch sent So Phim a list of "traitors" in the eastern zone, many of whom were So Phim's trusted subordinates. Some witnesses said they were told that the evacuation was because of the "threat of American bombing" and they were also told that they did not have to lock their houses since the Khmer Rouge would "take care of everything" until they returned. [36], In 1930, Ho Chi Minh founded the Communist Party of Vietnam by unifying three smaller communist movements that had emerged in northern, central and southern Vietnam during the late 1920s. Sihanouk, who was in exile in Beijing, made an alliance with the Khmer Rouge on the advice of CPC, and became the nominal head of a Khmer Rouge–dominated government-in-exile (known by its French acronym GRUNK) backed by China. [125] Aiming at preventing the passing on of hatred and violence to future generations, the program allows former Khmer Rouge to talk anonymously about their past experience. [82]:124, While the period from 1975 to 1979 is commonly associated with the phrase "the Cambodian genocide", scholars debate whether the legal definition of the crime can be applied generally. Leur procès s'est ouvert le 27 juin 2011[69]. Pol Pot veut construire une utopie marxiste. [30]:184 However, there was a general reluctance to increase people's education in Democratic Kampuchea, and in some districts, cadres were known to kill people who boasted about their educational accomplishments, and it was considered bad form for people to allude to any special technical training. Des professions sont davantage visées que d'autres : la quasi-totalité des photographes de presse cambodgiens disparaît sous le régime du Kampuchéa démocratique[37]. Michael Vickery s'en tient à l'estimation basse de 740 000 morts, sur la base d'estimations démographiques différentes de celles de Kiernan[62]. [21]:221 Khoy Thoun confessed to having been recruited by the CIA in 1958. Les crimes du régime khmer rouge couvrent l'ensemble des meurtres, massacres, exécutions et persécutions ethniques, religieuses ou politiques commis par ce mouvement communiste radical, lorsqu’il contrôla le Cambodge de 1975 à 1979. Dans un des camps, fondé en 1971 ou 1972, mauvais traitements et maladies déciment bientôt la plupart des détenus, et la totalité des enfants ; de nombreuses exécutions — jusqu'à trente par jour — visent également les prisonniers[10]. Les récoltes sont pour la plupart misérables et les rations alimentaires baissent en proportion. Au Cambodge, la mort de Douch, le bourreau khmer rouge Les faits Kaing Guek Eav, alias Douch, a dirigé la prison S21 à Phnom Penh sous le régime des Kmers rouges. À partir de 1978, les Khmers rouges se mettent à massacrer systématiquement des communautés chams, même en l'absence de rébellion. [114] It is estimated that the graves contain the remains of over 20,000 victims. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. These preventive acts included deployment of military troops and other institutions like the UNTAC. The paper soon acquired a reputation in Phnom Penh's small academic circle. Thayer, Nate (Spring 1991). On arrival at the villages to which they had been assigned, evacuees were required to write brief autobiographical essays. Les deux hommes ont en fait été tués par les Khmers rouges, comme près de deux millions de personnes à cette période. [7]:[9][11][66], Democratic Kampuchea was overthrown by the Vietnamese army in January 1979, and the Khmer Rouge fled to Thailand. [106] On 26 July 2010, he was convicted and sentenced to thirty years imprisonment. The term Khmers rouges, French for red Khmers, was coined by King Norodom Sihanouk[21]:100 and later adopted by English speakers (in the form of the corrupted version Khmer Rouge). [26] Some historians such as Ben Kiernan have stated that the importance the regime gave to race overshadowed its conceptions of class. Le cortège des évacués progresse vers le sud sous un soleil de plomb, dans des conditions désastreuses. Certains comme le cinéaste Rithy Panh y ont perdu leur famille. [39] Advocates of this line hoped that the prince could be persuaded to distance himself from the right-wing and to adopt leftist policies. Il varie entre 250 000 et 3 100 000 morts pour la période allant d'avril 1975 à janvier 1979, soit entre 3,25 % et 41 % de la population cambodgienne[59],[60]. [79]:74, On 7 August 2014, when sentencing two former Khmer Rouge leaders to life imprisonment, Cambodian judge Nil Nonn said there were evidences of "a widespread and systematic attack against the civilian population of Cambodia". Au moment de leur prise de pouvoir, l'appareil des Khmers rouges se compose d'environ 120 000 militants et sympathisants, pour la plupart très récents, d… Khieu Samphan specialized in economics and politics during his time in Paris. Le nettoyage des centres urbains a notamment pour conséquences de faciliter la constitution d'un pouvoir totalitaire, et de « khmériser » les villes, dont toutes les minorités ethniques non khmères sont chassées[33]. Some scholars, including Michael Ignatieff, Adam Jones[57] and Greg Grandin,[58] have cited the United States intervention and bombing campaign (spanning 1965–1973) as a significant factor which lead to increased support for the Khmer Rouge among the Cambodian peasantry. However, some analysts argue that this change meant little in practice because according to historian Kelvin Rowley the "CPK propaganda had always relied on nationalist rather than revolutionary appeals". Les structures sociales cambodgiennes traditionnelles sont détruites : les parents se voient retirer l'autorité sur leurs enfants, et les maris sur leurs épouses. The latter's holdings were collectivised. [30]:306 The opposition of the peasantry and the urban population in Khmer Rouge ideology was heightened by the structure of the Cambodian rural economy, where small farmers and peasants had historically suffered from indebtedness to urban money-lenders rather than suffering from indebtedness to landlords. Ben Kiernan évalue la mortalité des Chams à 50 %, et Marek Sliwinski à 40,6 %[47]. [54] A force of North Vietnamese quickly overran large parts of eastern Cambodia reaching to within 15 miles (24 km) of Phnom Penh before being pushed back. [17]:27, In 1981, following the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, during which they were supported by the United States, the Khmer Rouge officially renounced communism. The following year, the government closed the paper, and Sihanouk's police publicly humiliated Samphan by beating, undressing and photographing him in public; as Shawcross notes, "not the sort of humiliation that men forgive or forget". Le tribunal estime que « le crime de génocide était établi » selon le droit international car le programme des Khmers rouges visait à « établir une société athée et homogène (en) supprimant toutes les différences ethniques, nationales, religieuses, raciales, de classe et culturelles ». [104] ECCC also has hosted Study Tour Program to help villagers in rural areas understand the history of the Khmer Rouge regime. [30]:184, Beyond primary education, technical courses were taught in factories to students who were drawn from the favoured "base people". The Khmer Rouge regime was highly autocratic, totalitarian, xenophobic, paranoid, and repressive. Le Kampuchéa démocratique ne compte officiellement pas de prisons. However, to counter the power of the Soviet Union and Vietnam, a group of countries including China, the United States, Thailand as well as some Western countries supported the Khmer Rouge-dominated Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea to continue holding Cambodia's seat in the United Nations, which was held until 1993, after the Cold War had ended. Islamic religious leaders were executed, although some Cham Muslims appear to have been told they could continue devotions in private as long as it did not interfere with work quotas. [30]:185 Based on a speech which Pol Pot made in 1978, it appears that he may have ultimately envisaged that illiterate students with approved poor peasant backgrounds could become trained engineers within ten years by doing a lot of targeted studying along with a lot of practical work.[30]:185. Aucune précision n’a été donnée sur les causes du décès. Such acts as picking wild fruit or berries were seen as "private enterprise" and punished with death. [22], The movement's ideology was shaped by a power struggle during 1976 in which the so-called Party Centre led by Pol Pot defeated other regional elements of its leadership. Dans certaines zones, le manque de denrées est délibérément utilisé comme arme par le régime pour soumettre ou punir la population : dans la Zone Sud-Ouest, les « peuples nouveaux » font l'objet de persécutions accrues en 1977 et 1978, et le Centre aggrave la famine en augmentant ses réquisitions de riz. Philip Short, biographe de Pol Pot, estime pour sa part que le terme de génocide a été surtout utilisé par facilité du fait de l'ampleur et de l'horreur des massacres commis : pour lui, les Khmers rouges sont « innocents » du crime de génocide, leurs actes relevant de la définition du crime contre l'humanité[77]. By calling itself a workers' party, the Cambodian movement claimed equal status with the Vietnam Workers' Party. Certaines catégories sociales sont considérées comme suspectes : les « intellectuels » sont parfois pourchassés en tant que tels, et doivent se débarrasser de leurs livres, voire de leurs lunettes, pour échapper aux persécutions. Its leader was Son Ngoc Minh, and a third of its leadership consisted of members of the ICP. The Kingdom of Cambodia was supported by the United States, the Khmer Republic (that eventually took over after the removal of Prince Sihanouk) and South Vietnam. ». [80] In November 2018, the trial convicted Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan of crimes against humanity and genocide against the Vietnamese, while Nuon Chea was also found guilty of genocide relating to the Chams. Pol Pot et les Khmers rouges étaient soutenus depuis longtemps par le Parti communiste chinois (PCC) et Mao Zedong lui-même[2],[3],[4]. For instance, those from urban monasteries were classified as "new monks" and sent to rural areas to live alongside "base monks" of peasant background, who were classified as "proper and revolutionary". [2]:201–21, Eastern and central Cambodia were firmly under the control of Vietnam and its Cambodian allies by 1980, while the western part of the country continued to be a battlefield throughout the 1980s, and millions of land mines were sown across the countryside. [23]:62 Banks were raided, and all currency and records were destroyed by fire, thus eliminating any claim to funds. Après la mort du Khmer rouge Douch, Rithy Panh appelle à «poursuivre le combat» de la mémoire. It used the bombing's devastation and massacre of civilians as recruitment propaganda and as an excuse for its brutal, radical policies and its purge of moderate communists and Sihanoukists. [97], While Vietnam proposed to withdraw from Cambodia in return for a political settlement that would exclude the Khmer Rouge from power, the rebel coalition government as well as ASEAN, China and the United States, insisted that such a condition was unacceptable.
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