meaning of hebron in the bible
Denkmäler", II, 76). Next to Jerusalem, this is the most important city in the Bible. The name "Hebron" appears to trace back to two Semitic roots, which coalesce in the form ḥbr, having reflexes in Hebrew and Amorite, with a basic sense of 'unite' and connoting a range of meanings from "colleague" to "friend". One of the eleven cities to the west of Hebron, in the highlands of Judah ( Joshua 15:49; Judg. sources. Here is Hebron in the Bible. A city of the West Bank south-southwest of Jerusalem. The Iron Age fortification area yielded a Hebrew seal with a picture of a grazing deer, underneath which it reads: According to the style of the letters as well as parallels for the name and decoration the seal should date to the late 8th or early 7th century B.C.E. Bethlehem’s central importance in the Bible comes from its relationship to Jesus Christ. Hebron definition, an ancient city of Palestine, formerly in west Jordan; occupied by Israel 1967–97; since 1997 mostly under Palestinian self-rule. The Jews interpret the name as meaning "the city of the four", i.e., of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Adam, who were all, as they allege, buried there. It appears under the form Cheburo on Egyptian monuments of the second milennium B.C. In Hebron, the western mikvah is a 24×14.5-foot rectangular pool carved in the natural rock, with fourteen wide and well-plastered steps leading to a small floored pool, over 10 feet deep. All of the people who considered themselves Canaanites lived in the city. [7] Avi Ofer followed during the 1980’s, and Emanuel Eisenberg in 1999 exposed another segment of the same city wall on the northern side of the tell and, using pottery and scarabs from the related floors, securely dated it to the Middle Bronze Age II (1750–1550 BCE).[8]. While, in principle the bathing could have been non-ritual as well, this is less likely since these installations appear almost exclusively during the Second Temple Period, in Judah and the Galilee, and they correlate well with the description of mikvaot in Rabbinic texts.[20]. [2] For a general introduction, see Jeffrey R. Chadwick, “Discovering Hebron: The City of the Patriarchs Slowly Yields its Secrets” BAR 31.5 (2005): 24–33. Considering that Hebron was an Idumean town, but that Idumea was ruled by Judah and the Idumeans had been converted to Judaism, was Hebron a Jewish town during the late Hellenistic and Roman periods? It shows what people tend to look for the most based on Google searches for each verse.[1]. [9] See, Num 13:22, Josh 11:21, 14:15, 15:13, and 21:11; in the latter three instances the city is called Kiryat-arba after its ostensible founder, a giant named Arba. 1. New excavations conducted by the author and Emanuel Eisenberg indicate that the massive fortification existed then as well, and that they were used and even reinforced during the First Temple period continuously, up until the last days of the kingdom of Judah in the early 6th century B.C.E.[11]. Hebron was settled in the beginning of the 18th century BC. In the southern part of the tell, Hammond exposed portions of the cyclopean city wall,[6] which he dated to the Middle Bronze Age. The Middle Bronze Age wall exposed on the south side is nearly 200 feet of continuous wall. Another cultic structure from this same period was constructed at Elonei Mamre (Oaks of Mamre) about three kms away from the Cave of the Patriarchs structure. Due to the city’s close historical connection with Abraham, Hebron is intimately and importantly entwined with the religions of Islam, Christianity and Judaism. It was built "seven years before Zoan in Egypt" (Genesis 13:18; Numbers 13:22). These names mean "city of Arba" or " city of the four giants " (Strong's #H7153). 4:12, possibly the spring near Hebron). 1:11-15).It was originally one of the towns of the Anakim ( Joshua 15:15), and was also called Kirjath-sepher (q.v.) Hebron is first mentioned in Genesis 13:18 as a place where Abram (later known as Abraham) traveled after parting company with his nephew Lot. The prophet Micah foretold that Israel’s Messiah would be born in Bethlehem: “But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, though you are small among the clans of Judah, out of you will come for me one who will be ruler over Israel, whose origins are from of old, from ancient times” (Micah 5:2; Matthew 2:4–6). 1. It is about 18 miles southwest of Jerusalem. Hebron in the Bible. The second name is a hypocoristic theophoric name, in other words, a shortened form a theophoric (god-based) name with the divine element removed. What does the source Hebrew word חֶבְרוֹן mean and how is it used in the Bible? [15] Avi Ofer. Among other things, two domestic houses were excavated on both sides of a street, as well as a pottery workshop, and some agricultural installations. “Hebron,” NEAEHL (Jerusalem:Keter, 1993), 606–609. ), the king of Judah. [3] Editor’s note: For a different approach to the question of multiple names, see Jacob L. Wright and Zev Farber, “Kiryat-arba Is Hebron… But Is It?” TheTorah.com (2016). The city of Hebron was first called Kirjatharba (Genesis 23:2, Joshua 14:15) or Arbah (Genesis 35:27). The word "Hebron" itself is only used as a name of a place or a person in the Bible; it carries no deeper meaning, nor is it used in a symbolic fashion in the Scriptures. 14:13). oracle town; sanctuary. All the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron to … Below are the English definition details. City of Arba, the original name of Hebron (q.v. There is also a phonetic guide to use to see the proper pronunciation of Hebron . For a discussion of how the concept of mikvah developed, see Hayah Katz, “Biblical Purification: Was It Immersion?” TheTorah.com (2014), [20] Ronny Reich, Miqwa’ot (Jewish Ritual Baths) in the Second Temple, Mishnaic and Talmudic Periods (Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi, 2013). [7] Philip C. Hammond, “Hebron,” Revue Biblique 75 (1968): 253–258. [11] For the site report on the excavation, see Emanuel Eisenberg and David Ben-Shlomo, eds., Tel Hebron 2014 Excavations: Final Report (Ariel: Ariel University, 2017). What Are Clay Female Figurines Doing in Judah during the Biblical Period? It basically means a “ community ” or “ alliance “. (1.) Tools. 2. Whether this means that Judeans inhabited the city, that the Idumean inhabitants embraced their Jewish identities, or both, Hebron was a Jewish town during the Hasmoneans and Roman periods. For the past two millennia, the Cave of Machpelah has been identified with what is now called the Cave of the Patriarchs (in Arabic: al-Ḥaram al-Ibrahimi or Ḥaram el-Khalil). Large ritual baths (×ק×××ת) – A number of Jewish ritual baths (. 1 C.E. Six feet to the south yet another massive wall was built parallel to the city wall. According to Genesis 23:1–20, Abraham's wife Sarah dies in Kiryat Arba near Hebron in the land of Canaan at the age of 127, being the only woman in the Bible whose exact age is given, while Abraham is tending to business elsewhere. The seal probably belonged to one of the officials of Hebron, maybe the one responsible for the fortification work. From the style of construction, it is clear that it was built by King Herod the Great (37 B.C.E.-ca. Archaeology can shed some light on this question. A monastery was eventually built on the top of the mound called Deir el-Arba’in (“the monastery of the forty”), which later Jewish tradition referred to as “Tomb of Ruth and Jesse.” During the early Islamic period the mound was only sporadically inhabited. חֶבְרוֹן. 2600–2200 BCE), the city was fortified with a massive twenty-foot thick city wall, which was exposed by Emanuel Eisenberg underneath the even more massive Middle Bronze Age city. [Hebrew]. The book of 1 Maccabees (5:65) describes how Judah the Maccabee fought the Idumeans who occupied Hebron: Later, After the successful Maccabean revolt and the founding of Judea as an independent polity, Josephus writes (Ant. [6] Cyclopean walls are built of large (well over 0.5 m in size) rubble polygonal stones, the stones are not laid in horizontal courses, rather the courses are adapted to the polygonal lines of the individual stones. Hebron. Launched Shavuot 5773 / 2013 | Copyright © Project TABS, All Rights Reserved. Several other MB sites in the central hills were fortified by similarly sized walls, as Jerusalem-the City of David, Shechem and Shiloh. The general impression is that the settlement reflected a Jewish rather than a pagan or Idumean community for the following reasons: These new archaeological finds answer the question about the inhabitants’ religious identity clearly. 11:25, which is dated by many scholars to the period of Josiah’s rule. Similar mikvaot with large closed spaces were found in the archaeological sites of Alon Shevut and Beer Ijda (“Sarah’s Bath”). The Bible states that Abraham was raised in “Ur of the Chaldeans” (Ur Kasdim). As Ronny Reich has shown in his seminal work, the majority of the stepped pools found in Judah during the Second Temple period and later should be identified as mikvahs. There is no other explanation for the well-smoothed rounded finishing of the plastering of the walls of the pool and the stairs, other than preventing the bathers from getting hurt when descending to be immersed, naked, and often in the dark. Use this table of contents to go to any section: Use this scale to tell how popular the verses on this page are. Oops! “Hebron” is spelled chevron in Hebrew. Possibly the wall was built during the days of Hezekiah, who rebelled against Judah’s Assyrian overlord Sennacherib. These additional fortifications date to the 8th century B.C.E. It may symbolize dedication and devotion as well as the “one beloved by God” as we find, for instance, in Psalms: The first name is a standard Yahwistic name meaning “YHWH has obtained justice.” The name here appears in its full form (-yahu), as was standard in Judah during this period, as opposed to its short form (-yah). It was a group of Anakites (descendants of Anak) who lived in the area that founded the town and gave it the name "The city of Arba" (a literal interpretation of the meaning).
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