west bank borders
The founding of Palestinian universities has greatly increased education levels among the population in the West Bank. After the 2007 split between Fatah and Hamas, the West Bank areas under Palestinian control are an exclusive part of the Palestinian Authority, while the Gaza Strip is ruled by Hamas. Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu's pledge to annex the eastern portion of the West Bank known as the Jordan Valley could upend the quest for peace in the region. While the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) is no exception, with measures being imposed by both Israeli and Palestinian authorities, these have served to exacerbate longstanding access restrictions that are imposed by the Israeli authorities. [117] According to reports on Israel Radio, the development is a response to the 2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers.[117]. Built in phases starting in 1994, the barrier stretches 440 miles (708 km), mostly along the 1949 Armistice 'Green' Line. Constant uncertainty and the inability to plan are the results for Palestinians of the Israeli military rules governing their movements. [158], Israel had denied Palestinians permits to process minerals in that area of the West Bank. ", " With Palestinian traffic banned from all the main and secondary roads, clusters of yellow group taxis gather at each such barrier, and groups of people trying to get to work, school, clinics, universities, relatives houses, or markets clamber up and down sand embankments or across ditches to circumvent concrete slabs and soldiers, who sometimes shoot at them.". The future status of the West Bank, together with the Gaza Strip on the Mediterranean shore, has been the subject of negotiation between the Palestinians and Israelis, although the 2002 Road Map for Peace, proposed by the "Quartet" comprising the United States, Russia, the European Union, and the United Nations, envisions an independent Palestinian state in these territories living side by side with Israel (see also proposals for a Palestinian state). ', "The one center of archaeological activity that might have provided a base for Palestinian archaeologists was the Palestine Archaeological Museum in Jerusalem, which was under the control not of Jordan but of trustees made up of the directors of the several foreign schools of archaeology in the city. [151] Of the 121 settlements surveyed, 81 had wastewater treatrment plant, much of it inadequate or subject to breakdown, with much sewage flowing into lowland streams and terrain where Palestinian villages are located. [needs update] Approximately 58.4% has been constructed, 8.96% is under construction, and construction has not yet begun on 33% of the barrier. [2] The terrain is mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in the west, but somewhat barren in the east. Later, Order ‘446’ was issued which annexed the Damia Bridge crossing point to the Allenby Bridge as a commercial crossing point only. The number of Internet users increased from 35,000 in 2000 to 356,000 in 2010.[230]. The West Bank (Arabic: الضفة الغربية aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah; Hebrew: הגדה המערבית HaGadah HaMa'aravit or יהודה ושומרון Yehuda VeShomron)[3] is a landlocked territory near the Mediterranean coast of Western Asia, bordered by Jordan and the Dead Sea to the east and by Israel to the south, west and north. Subsequent events in these territories have done nothing to alter this situation. [9] In its 2004 advisory opinion the International Court of Justice concluded that: The territories situated between the Green Line and the former eastern boundary of Palestine under the Mandate were occupied by Israel in 1967 during the armed conflict between Israel and Jordan. This crossing point is controlled by Israel since 1967. Israel began building its separation wall in the occupied West Bank in June 2002, claiming that it was necessary for security. In 1948, Jordan occupied the West Bank and annexed it in 1950. [241], This article is about the geographic region. The 1949 Armistice Agreements defined the interim boundary between Israel and Jordan (essentially reflecting the battlefield after the war). [173] As an illustrative example, a Human Rights Watch report contrasts the difference between a Palestinian-owned quarry company in Beit Fajar and that of a European one working on what Israeli considers its state land. [152] At the same time 90–95% of Palestinian wastewater was not treated, with only 1 of 4 Israeli plants built in the 1970s to that purpose functioning, and the neglect to improve the infrastructure is attributed to Israeli budgetary problems. [150], In 2007 it was estimated that 38% (35 mcm a year) of all wastewater flowing into the West Bank derived from settlements and Jerusalem. Most of Sur Bahir is located within the unilaterally-annexed East Jerusalem municipal area, but the community reports that they own some 4,000 dunums of land in Area A and B and C, as designated under the Oslo Accords. Ramallah, although relatively mid in population compared to other major cities as Hebron, Nablus and Jenin, serves as an economic and political center for the Palestinians. All access points are controlled by Israel and the road system, checkpoints and obstacles in place for visitors desiring to visit Palestinian towns leaves their hotels half-empty. "[161][162][163][164][165] Experts have also warned that some of these facilities are garbage dumps that endanger the purity of the mountain aquifer, which is one of the largest sources of water in the region. [224] Supporters of the barrier claim it is necessary for protecting Israeli civilians from Palestinian attacks, which increased significantly during the Al-Aqsa Intifada;[132][133] it has helped reduce incidents of terrorism by 90% from 2002 to 2005; over a 96% reduction in terror attacks in the six years ending in 2007,[134] though Israel's State Comptroller has acknowledged that most of the suicide bombers crossed into Israel through existing checkpoints. The Ministry says that occupied territories are territories captured in war from an established and recognized sovereign, and that since the West Bank wasn't under the legitimate and recognized sovereignty of any state prior to the Six-Day War, it shouldn't be considered an occupied territory. [citation needed]. General Assembly resolution 58/292 (17 May 2004) affirmed that the Palestinian people have the right to sovereignty over the area.[57]. The Israeli West Bank Wall walls off Israel from the West Bank. Our mission is to provide our customers the highest quality of service. [209] The given aim was said to be to afford protection to settlers from Palestinian sniping, bombing, and drive-by shootings. It is often stated that Pakistan recognized it as well, but that seems to be incorrect; see S. R. Silverburg, Pakistan and the West Bank: A research note, Middle Eastern Studies, 19:2 (1983) 261–263. [82] Area B, 25.2%,[of what?] The climate in the West Bank is mostly Mediterranean, slightly cooler at elevated areas compared with the shoreline, west to the area. [119][120], In May 2012, a petition[121] was filed to the Israeli Supreme Court about the legality of more 15[121] Palestinian outposts and Palestinian building in "Area C". The territory, excluding East Jerusalem, is also known within Israel by its biblical names, Judea and Samaria. Jordan (as it was now known) ruled over the West Bank from 1948 until 1967. [142], In 1993, the Palestinian National Authority, according to Oslo Accord assigned by PLO and the Israeli government, became a partial supervisor over the Rafah Border Crossing to Gaza Strip. [89], In June 2011, the Independent Commission for Human Rights published a report that found that Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip were subjected in 2010 to an "almost systematic campaign" of human rights abuse by the Palestinian Authority and Hamas, as well as by Israeli authorities, with the security forces of the PA and Hamas being responsible for torture, arrests and arbitrary detentions.[90]. SUBSCRIBE TO GET OUR PUBLICATIONS VIA EMAIL, Gaza Crossings’ Operations Status (Monthly), Protection of Civilians (every other week), Gaza Strip: Critical Humanitarian Indicators, 2020 olive harvest season: low yield amidst access restrictions and settler violence, 16 years after the International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion, some 11,000 Palestinians are still isolated by the Barrier, Longstanding access restrictions continue to undermine the living conditions of West Bank Palestinians, Record yield reported from 2019 olive harvest, UN officials’ statement on demolitions in Sur Bahir, Protection of Civilians Report | 29 August – 11 September 2017, Bethlehem governorate: fragmentation and humanitarian concerns - January 2015, West Bank Acces Restrictions | September 2014, Area C of the West Bank: Key humanitarian concerns | August 2014, The humanitarian impact of the Barrier on Palestinian communities in and around East Jerusalem, in the Abu Dis area. After the signing of the Oslo Accords, the West Bank was divided into 11 governorates under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority. Fear that the population of ethnic Arabs, including Israeli citizens of Palestinian ethnicity, would outnumber the Jewish Israelis west of the Jordan River. Despite this, these areas have not been incorporated within the municipal boundary, although they are now physically separated from the remainder of the West Bank. The Al-Aqsa TV station shares these offices. A further 110 settlements are not officially recognized and are illegal under Israeli law, but have nevertheless been provided with infrastructure, water, sewage, and other services by the authorities. Jordan subsequently annexed the territory in 1950 and held it until 1967 when it was occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. West Bank growth, compared to Gaza (3%), had lagged, due to the effect of mass emigration of West Bankers seeking employment in Jordan. [228], As of February 2012[update], a plan for 475-kilometer rail network, establishing 11 new rail lines in West Bank, was confirmed by Israeli Transportation Ministry. Roughly 75 percent of settlers live on or near the West Bank border with Israel. The elevation span between the shoreline of the Dead Sea at −408 m to the highest point at Mount Nabi Yunis, at 1,030 m (3,379 ft) above sea level. The most densely populated part of the region is a mountainous spine, running north–south, where the cities of Jerusalem, Nablus, Ramallah, al-Bireh, Jenin, Bethlehem, Hebron and Yattah are located as well as the Israeli settlements of Ariel, Ma'ale Adumim and Beitar Illit. [148], Israel ratified the international Basel Convention treaty on Israel on 14 December 1994, according to which, any transfer of waste must be performed with an awareness of the dangers posed to the disempowered occupied people. According to the agreement, Israel has the right to independently inspect luggage and to maintain security. Project Update 5 January 2021. Jordan's annexation was never formally recognized by the international community, with the exception of the United Kingdom and Iraq. [175] [49] Israeli protectionist policies thus distorted wider trade relations to the point that, by 1996, 90% of all West Bank imports came from Israel, with consumers paying more than they would for comparable products had they been able to exercise commercial autonomy. [73][74] the United States was absent from vote and denounced the settlement activity in West Bank has gotten "so much worse" as to endanger the progress of the peaceful two-state solution. [106] The majority of legal scholars also hold the settlements to violate international law,[6] however individuals including Julius Stone,[107][108] and Eugene Rostow[109] have argued that they are legal under international law. This page was last edited on 10 May 2021, at 22:04. [169] The Al Bireh plant was constructed in 2000 with funding by the German aid agency KfW. From 1517 through 1917, the area now known as the West Bank was under Ottoman rule as part of the provinces of Syria. [209] Even before the Al Aqsa Intifada, UNFPA estimated that 20% of pregnant West Bank women were unable to access prenatal care because of the difficulties and delays caused by crossing checkpoints, and dozens were forced to deliver their children on the roadside. Modi'in Illit, Qalqilyah and Tulkarm are in the low foothills adjacent to the Israeli Coastal Plain, and Jericho and Tubas are situated in the Jordan Valley, north of the Dead Sea. Near Ramallah the new city of Rawabi is under construction. A two-state option, dividing Palestine, as opposed to a binary solution arose during the period of the British mandate in the area. However, Israel remained the major responsible party for this crossing point. Israel at times insisted its approval was conditional on linking the grid to Israeli settlements, which neither the donors nor Palestinians accepted. The Palestinian territories contain several of the most significant sites for Muslims, Christians and Jews, and are endowed with a world-class heritage highly attractive to tourists and pilgrims. [206][207] Jenin in the extreme north and is the capital of north of the West Bank and is on the southern edge of the Jezreel Valley. During the Mandate period Britain had no right of sovereignty, which was held by the people under the mandate. Major human rights groups say Israel, which controls the territories' borders, is obligated to vaccinate Palestinians living in the West Bank and Gaza under international law. The European company obtained a concession and license to harvest stone, whereas Israel refuses permits for most of the roughly 40 Beit Fajar quarries, or nearly any other Palestinian-owned quarry in the West Bank under Israeli administration. [76] Israeli opinion is split into a number of views: The West Bank has an area of 5,628 square kilometres (2,173 sq mi), which comprises 21.2% of former Mandatory Palestine (excluding Jordan)[79] and has generally rugged mountainous terrain. Allenby Bridge, or ‘King Hussein Bridge’, is the main port for the Palestinian in the West Bank to the Jordanian borders. Israel's new West Bank 'border' A human rights report released Monday says Israeli settlements control 42 percent of West Bank. [24], On the eve of occupation the West Bank accounted for 40% of Jordanian GNP, between 34% and 40% of its agricultural output and almost half of its manpower, though only a third of Jordanian investment was allocated to it and mainly to the private housing construction sector. [210] For TAU emeritus professor of geography Elisha Efrat, they ignored the historical topography, road systems and environmental characteristics of the West Bank, and simply formed an apartheid network of "octopus arms which hold a grip on Palestinian population centres". [153] After the Oslo Accords, the global community earmarked $250,000,000 for West Bank wastewater infrastructure. p. 390. The name West Bank is a translation of the Arabic term ad-Diffah I-Garbiyyah, given to the territory west of the Jordan River that fell, in 1948, under occupation and administration by Jordan, which subsequently annexed it in 1950. In parts of the West Bank, Israeli settlers use up to 20 times more water per capita than neighbouring Palestinian communities, who survive on barely 20 litres of water per capita a day– the minimum amount recommended by the WHO for emergency situations response. In 1967 it appropriated the Palestine Archaeological Museum[e] and its library in East Jerusalem. The population of the West Bank is 80–85% Muslim (mostly Sunni) and 12–14% Jewish. The Al-Aqsa Voice broadcasts from Dabas Mall in Tulkarem at 106.7 FM. Soon after the 1967 war, Yigal Allon produced the Allon Plan, which would have annexed a strip along the Jordan River valley and excluded areas closer to the pre-1967 border, which had a high density of Palestinians. "UN chief says time running out for peace deal", "Westbank closure count and analysis, January 2006", "60 Minutes | Middle East | Time Running Out For A Two-State Solution? [15] Following the December 1948 Jericho Conference, Transjordan annexed the area west of the Jordan River in 1950, naming it "West Bank" or "Cisjordan", and designated the area east of the river as "East Bank" or "Transjordan". The Oslo Accords agreed to hand over mining rights to the Palestinian Authority. "[115], On 30 December 2007, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert issued an order requiring approval by both the Israeli Prime Minister and Israeli Defense Minister of all settlement activities (including planning) in the West Bank. In International law drawing on the Hague Conventions (Article 55), it is established that an occupying power may reap some value from the resources of the country occupied but not deplete its assets, and that the usufruct must benefit the people under occupation. The International Court of Justice and the Supreme Court of Israel have ruled that the status of the West Bank is that of military occupation. The West Bank network would include one line running through Jenin, Nablus, Ramallah, Jerusalem, Ma'aleh Adumim, Bethlehem and Hebron. Israel's cable television company HOT, satellite television provider (DBS) Yes, AM and FM radio broadcast stations and public television broadcast stations all operate. Although permanent residents are permitted, if they wish, to receive Israeli citizenship if they meet certain conditions including swearing allegiance to the State and renouncing any other citizenship, most Palestinians did not apply for Israeli citizenship for political reasons. Turkey, successor state to the Ottoman Empire, renounced its territorial claims in 1923, signing the Treaty of Lausanne, and the area now called the West Bank became an integral part of the British Mandate for Palestine. [4], The West Bank, including East Jerusalem, has a land area of 5,640 km2 plus a water area of 220 km2, consisting of the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea. In January 2012, the European Union approved the "Area C and Palestinian state building" report. Moshe Dayan proposed a plan which Gershom Gorenberg likens to a "photo negative of Allon's. [51] Nevertheless, Britain, as custodians of the land, implemented the land tenure laws in Palestine, which it had inherited from the Ottoman Turks (as defined in the Ottoman Land Code of 1858), applying these laws to both Arab and Jewish legal tenants or otherwise. [212] [50], From 1517 to 1917 the West Bank was part of the Ottoman Empire. The result was to cantonize and fragment Palestinian townships, and cause endless obstacles to Palestinians going to work, schools, markets and relatives. George Washington University. [161][162][163] At least 15 waste treatment plants operate in the West Bank and most of the waste they process is brought over from within the Green line inside Israel proper. ", 15,000 More Jews in Judea-Samaria in 2014, "Israel labour laws apply to Palestinian workers", "Number of Palestinians Working in Israel Doubled Over Four Years, Central Bank Says", "UNRWA in Figures: Figures as of 31 December 2004", "Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics", "EU ministers look to Israeli grab of Palestinian farmland", "EU report: Israel policy in West Bank endangers two-state solution". [citation needed] 80% of Jordan's fruit-growing land and 40% of its vegetables lay in the West Bank, and, with the onset of the occupation, the area could no longer produce export earnings. Reporters Without Borders (RSF) condemns the many cases of journalists being injured or otherwise prevented from covering protests in the West Bank against US President Trump’s “deal of the century” peace plan, and calls on the authorities to ensure that the media are able to cover developments despite the surge in tension. Farmers could get loans, but Palestinian businessmen avoided taking out loans from them since they charged 9% compared to 5% interest in Jordan. The barrier generally runs along or near the 1949 Jordanian-Israeli armistice/Green Line, but diverges in many places to include on the Israeli side several of the highly populated areas of Jewish settlements in the West Bank such as East Jerusalem, Ariel, Gush Etzion, Immanuel, Karnei Shomron, Givat Ze'ev, Oranit, and Maale Adumim. In the same vein the Israeli Supreme Court stated in the 2004 Beit Sourik case that: The general point of departure of all parties – which is also our point of departure – is that Israel holds the area in belligerent occupation (occupatio bellica)......The authority of the military commander flows from the provisions of public international law regarding belligerent occupation. allocated the area to the British Mandate of Palestine (1920–47). Uncle of Julia James urges public to … [83] Areas A, B, and C cross the 11 governorates used as administrative divisions by the Palestinian National Authority, Israel, and the IDF and named after major cities. [44], Attempting to impose governmental authority, Israel established a licensing system according to which no industrial plant could be built without obtaining a prior Israeli permit. Since then some improvements have been implemented. It forbids the creation among them of "environmental sacrifice zones. Among those most commonly cited have been: The importance of demographic concerns to some significant figures in Israel's leadership was illustrated when Avraham Burg, a former Knesset Speaker and former chair of the Jewish Agency for Israel, wrote in The Guardian in September 2003, As of 2017, more than 620,000 Israelis live in over 200 settlements in the West Bank. About 500,000 Israelis live in the settlements, of which there are about 130 scattered around the West Bank. The remainder are Christian (mostly Greek Orthodox) and others. [116] The change had little effect with settlements continuing to expand, and new ones being established. Until 2007, the Palestinian mobile market was monopolized by Jawwal. The Court concludes that all these territories (including East Jerusalem) remain occupied territories and that Israel has continued to have the status of occupying Power.[9][10]. [158] Palestinians are restricted to 3 landfills, and permits for more have been denied unless the sites can be used to dump settlement garbage. The nearly 500,000 Jewish settlers living in the West Bank have full Israeli citizenship, while the territory’s 2.5 million Palestinians live under military rule. Akkaba, (population 345), is a village in the Tulkarm governorate in the northern West Bank. [36] Israel had no overall approach for integrating the West Bank:[c], The early occupation set severe limits on public investment and comprehensive development programmes in the territories. [25] Though its per-capita product was 10 times greater than that of the West Bank, the Israeli economy on the eve of occupation had experienced two years (1966-1967) of a sharp recession. The United States State Department also refers to the territories as occupied. There are also small ethnic groups, such as the Samaritans living in and around Nablus, numbering in the hundreds. The British proclaimed Abdullah emir of Transjordan on 11 April 1921. The Israeli settlements were, on the other hand, administered subsequently as Judea and Samaria Area directly by Israel. That has consequences for vaccine eligibility. Israel has exclusive control over 60% of the West Bank, its borders and airspace, and imposes restrictions on movement and residency. ", 'sacrifice zone is a geographic area that has become irrevocably impaired by environmental damage or economic neglect. [38][39] By June 1967, only a third of West Bank land had been registered under Jordan's Settlement of Disputes over Land and Water Law and in 1968 Israel moved to cancel the possibility of registering one's title with the Jordanian Land Register. [2][189] However, the World Bank and American-Israeli Demographic Research Group identified a 32% discrepancy between first-grade enrollment statistics documented by the Palestinian Ministry of Education and Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS)’ 2007 projections,[190] with questions also raised about the PCBS’ growth assumptions for the period 1997–2003. Predictably, it was the photo negative of Allon's. The journalist Hamdi Faraj, jailed for endangering public order, had his 500-volume library confiscated, including copies of the Bible and Qur'an and, when he applied for their restitution, was told all the books had been accidentally burnt. Goods were exported to Jordan, while the import was banned for security purposes. [196] By 2014, 92,000 Palestinians worked in Israel legally or illegally, twice as many as in 2010. [2], There are few natural resources in the area except the highly arable land, which comprises 27% of the land area of the region. Even if a permit is given without this agreement, settler waste under military escort is still dumped there. [40] Ian Lustick states that Israel "virtually prevented" Palestinian investment in local industry and agriculture. [178], Albert Glock argued that Israel is responsible for the disappearance of significant parts of the Palestinian cultural patrimony, by confiscating Arab cultural resources. They are colloquially known as "illegal outposts. In addition, around 10,000 Palestinian traders from the West Bank were allowed to travel every day into Israel. [217] According to PA Health Ministry statistics relating to the period from 2000 to 2006, of 68 Palestinian women who gave birth to their children while held up at checkpoints, 35 miscarried and 5 died while delivering their child there. Palestinian demonstrators burn tires at the Qalandia checkpoint between the West Bank town of Ramallah and Jerusalem on April 24, 2021, during a … [59] The international community regards the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) as territories occupied by Israel. The EU will support various projects to "support the Palestinian people and help maintain their presence". Over 80% of the Israel/West Bank barrier is constructed on the Palestinian side of the Green Line, the internationally recognized border between Israel and the West Bank. Broadband internet service by Bezeq's ADSL and by the cable company is available as well. [44] Remittances from labourers earning a wage in Israel were the major factor in Palestinian economic growth during the 1969–73 boom years,[45] but the migration of workers from the territories had a negative impact on local industry by creating an internal labour scarcity in the West Bank and consequent pressure for higher wages there;[46] the contrast between the quality of their lives and Israelis' growing prosperity stoked resentment. These regulations reflect customary international law. This has often been interpreted as tantamount to an official annexation, though Ian Lustick, in reviewing the legal status of Israeli measures, has argued that no such annexation ever took place. The key Palestinian towns in the West Bank for tourism are East Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Jericho. The name West Bank, however, has become the standard usage for this geopolitical entity in English and some of the other Germanic languages since its creation following the Jordanian army's conquest. [164], In 1995, the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) was established by a presidential decree. 60% of their production is sold in the EU market. The Jordan Valley and northern Dead Sea are considered strategically vital zones by Israel for security. [2] Under Israeli occupation since 1967, the area is split into 167 Palestinian "islands" under partial Palestinian National Authority civil rule, and 230 Israeli settlements into which Israeli law is "pipelined". [66][67][68], In 2005 the United States ambassador to Israel, Daniel C. Kurtzer, expressed U.S. support "for the retention by Israel of major Israeli population centres [in the West Bank] as an outcome of negotiations",[69] reflecting President Bush's statement a year earlier that a permanent peace treaty would have to reflect "demographic realities" on the West Bank. With Military Order No. The Dead Sea, also called the Salt Sea, is a salt lake bordering Jordan to the east and Israel and the West Bank to the west on May 22, 2014 in … Initial information emerging from the community indicates that hundreds of Israeli forces entered the community this morning and have demolished a number of residential buildings, including inhabited homes, located in Areas A, B and C of the West Bank on the East Jerusalem side of the Barrier. The West Bank barrier has been highly controversial ever since the Israeli government decided to build it in 2002 and it remains a bitter bone of contention after Israel's evacuation of settlements in the Gaza Strip.
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